The Problem
“Koloa are a small, mottled brown duck that once existed across all the Hawaiian Islands, but their population currently only resides on Kaua’i {non hybrids}. Koloa are nonmigratory, which makes them extremely dependent on their homes.” (https://www.civilbeat.org/2025/07/photo-essay-helping-save-hawaiian-ducks-from-extinction/)
Since Hawaiian ducks are specialist species, with a very niche environmental demand, the smallest changes can cause extreme consequences.
​
Like many native species it is threatened with extinction from the combined forces of habitat loss, introduced predators, historic overhunting, etc., It is unusual in that they face an additional threat: hybridization or cross-breeding. They live and breed in wetland habitats and streams. Suitable stream habitats have steadily declined since humans arrived 1,600 years ago. Humans brought over invasive species such as cats, rats, and mongooses which are predators to the koloas' eggs.
​
As stated, the koloa are considered a Federally Endangered Species. If action is not taken now to reverse the damages, they will soon be another mark on the list of endangered species.
​
Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge,
Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge,
The Solution
However, research on these ducks on Kauai has revealed very low levels of hybridization. This is both unexpected and extremely encouraging, as it means that the Koloa on Kauai are maintaining their distinctiveness and not hybridizing with mallards. (https://dlnr.hawaii.gov/wildlife/koloa/)​So, Kaua'i is the most focused of the island programs to save the koloa duck population. For example, Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge, which is closed to the public to protect the endangered/threatened species. On Oahu, we have the James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge. There are other organizations making a difference, such as Ducks Unlimited.
Although there are many organizations making a big impact, you don't need a large non-profit to make a difference or have a voice. There are simple solutions, like preventing the spread of invasive species by keeping cats indoors and avoiding pollutants that damage wetland habitats. In addition, never feed wild ducks, especially in wetland areas. Feeding encourages mallards to gather in one place, which increases risk of hybridization. Another solution is to spread awareness. Use your voice to educate others on this vulnerable and unknown bird, that is going extinct right before our eyes.
